As a contrast, movement to the left and right may imply non agreement and signal a ‘no’. In terms of head movements, a head can be used to indicate agreement and is universally agreed. Having said all, head movements and posture can used to acknowledge attentiveness and communication interest. This forms of gestures are a basis of feedback to reach a goal. The receiver may also gesture the speaker to signal that they did not get the point being made by the sender. Gestures used during communication may emphasis a point by the sender and this may be used by receiver to gain the point and grasp the goal being transmitted by the sender. Sender and receiver should present themselves conducively in order to achieve a communication goal. Also, personal presentation can be physical or artefacts which we surround ourselves. Usually the time taken to reply a message implies a relationship between a sender and receiver, if the receiver replies late it may imply they are busy or wrong timing by sender, Encoder has to distinguish the times in order to convey message to the receiver. Cultural time is one in which sender or receiver may spend with family and religious activities. Personal time is the time someone is in various state of emotions Usually happiness and tense a communication goal cannot be reached under such circumstances. Time is grouped into biological, personal, physical and cultural (Anderson 19 99).Biological time is the time which affects human behaviour usually eating, sleeping, audience cannot be attentive to any communication during this time. More on, chronemics refers to how time affects communication. The various types of touch affect the situation and relationship together with communication goal achieved. Professional, social, friendship, warmth (Heslin and Alpha 1983 ). Haptics are a form of interaction with which lack in one could mean negative interpersonal consequences. Usually the grips and firmness of handshakes implies that the encoder and decoder have all understood the communication goal. To add on, haptics includes physical contact and cares such as hugging and shaking hands. The triggers of expressions, cultural and social norms that influences the display on cultural diverse. The speaker may also create an atmosphere for feedback from the receiver usually through smiling. Usually smiling by an audience implies the communication goal has been achieved or audience are inline with the speakers context However expressions such as frowning may indicate confusion or no agreement between the sender and receiver. Universally agreed facial expressions shows that happiness, sadness, fear, and disgust are interpreted on human faces (Anderson 1999). Moreover, facial expression includes the eye, brow and mouth movements used as a means of communication. Closer standing while communicating shows privacy or intimacy between sender and receiver. According to Anderson (1999) crowding often leads to delinquent behaviour known as ‘mob mentality’ this disrupts conveying messages to achieve a goal and no interaction. Smaller spaces with higher density often lead to breaches of personal space bubbles which lead to negative reactions thereby disrupting a communication goal. For example when one is content and attracted to someone we say we are “close” however when they lose connection we may say they are distant. Usually proxemics describe the relation between encoder and decoder during transmission of messages. In addition proxemics refers to how space and distance influence how people communicate and behave. Encoder can use eye contact to determine if the audience are engaged, confused or bored The speaker may use eye contact to indicate the arena is open or they are done. Nkayama(2010) argues that when listening one maintains eye contact than when speaking. However not maintaining eye contact indicates disinterest. ln regulating communication, it is used to cue others to speak or show others that we are ready to speak if the receiver maintains eye contact it shows they are concentrating on the content of the speech. It serves functions such as regulating interaction and monitoring interaction in conveying information. Firstly, eye conduct(oculesis) is one used to communicate relational status. While communication goals are the intended results to be achieved through transmission of messages. Non-verbal cues involves perpetual information communicated in social exchange by sign s accompanying words in speech. Interactive perspective is one in which sender receives feedback from receiver, according to the interactive model participants alternate positions by receiving feedback after messages are sent within physical and physiological context (Schramm 1917). Communication is the imparting of information from the sender to the receiver.
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